2008-10-10

The ICU book

很少讀一本醫學方面的書能夠讓人感到興奮且愉快
可是當我在唸這本書時
的確有這樣的感覺
彷彿每一個段落都能讓我驚呼連連
在心中大喊:原來如此!!
這本書讓人不只是知其然
而且還知其所以然

以前生理學中常出現的公式
本來以為和臨床關係不大
沒想到原來許多治療的觀念和方法就是這些公式的具體實現

書中指出了許多現今在臨床上仍然被使用的錯誤觀念
其實醫療行為就是這樣
很多其實就是一種習慣
即便後來有證據指出這些做法可能是沒用的
但要打破常規是很難的
有時醫療行為不只是在治療病人
也在治療醫護人員
給予我們心理上的安全感.....

最近剛唸完的Hemorrhage and Hypovolemia這一章
裡頭可以說完全顛覆了我原本的想法......

1.即便是moderate to severe blood loss,
大多數病人於平躺狀態下時,並不會出現tachycardia

2.Orthostatic change on pulse rate 用處不大,
因為只有在severe blood loss時,其sensitivity才會足夠

3.Use of the Hct and Hb to estimate acute blood loss
is unreliable and inappropriate

4.In the early hours after acute hemorrhage, the Hct
is a reflection of the resuscitation effort, not the
severity of blood loss→也就是說當你輸了大量的colloid or
crystalloid fluid後,你本就該預期看到Hct是下降的!

5.CVP值,除非很高(>15mmHg)或很低(0~1mmHg)才有評估
intravascular volume的價值,否則都沒參考意義

6.評估出血嚴重度可以看ABG的base deficit以及動脈的lactate level

7.Trendelenburg position在hypovolemic的情況下並不會增加
venous return,當然更不會增加cardiac output,所以不應
該再想用這個姿勢來處理hypovolemia了

8.大家都直覺的認為要趕快on個central venous line才能達到
快速的fluid infusion,但是fluid infusion的速度是取決於
vascular catheter的管徑,而非靜脈本身的大小

9.fluid infusion的速度和catheter半徑的4次方成正比,和其
長度成反比,所以....想要達成rapid volume resuscitation,
絕對是先考慮大號的peripheral line,而不是central line

10.很多人的錯誤觀念:以為colloid fluid的輸注速度會比
crystalloid fluid慢,但事實是,液體的viscosity是來自於
fluid所含的cell density,因此,不含cell成分的colloid和
crystalloid的流速都和水是一樣的

11.Volume resuscitation的目的是:維持oxygen uptake(VO2),維持
組織的有氧代謝,而VO2=CO ×Hb ×13.4 ×(SaO2-SvO2)
因此correct CO and Hb就是處理acute blood loss最重要的手段,
其中,維持足夠的cardiac output絕對是第一優先!!

12.輸血絕對不是early volume resuscitation的方法,尤其是
輸PRBC,因為PRBC反而會降低cardiac output

13.colloid fluid 在增加cardiac output的效果上面是最好的
因為它主要是增加plasma volume

14.crystalloid fluid也能達到一樣的效果,但是所需要的量
大概是colloid的3倍左右,因為crystalloid fluid只有25%
會留在plasma裡頭

15.當volume補夠了,cardiac output也維持了,接下來才考慮
是否輸血...但是!Hct和Hb的高低絕對不該被當作是否該輸血的
indication 指標

16.O2 extraction ratio of 50%才應該被當做需要輸血的指標!

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